Most of us have personal money worries and want to do something about them. We know that there are solutions out there. The problem we have is that while we know that we need to do something, we don’t know where to begin and some of us do nothing. There are four principal options available which should always be considered. There are further options also but we will not consider these for the moment.
The Four Principal Options
A good starting point is to consider the four main approaches to dealing with personal debt.
These are Debt Consolidation, Debt Management, Bankruptcy and IVA. Each has advantages and disadvantages. We should consider them all before deciding which of them is likely to be the most suitable option for our circumstances. It will help to take advice from a firm which specializes in insolvency before we make up our mind. Such firms should also make you aware of any additional available options. Let’s look at each of the four main options briefly.
Debt Consolidation
Debt consolidation involves getting a loan with which you clear all other unsecured debts and then you have to make only one regular repayment, usually monthly. The repayments of the consolidation loan should be affordable. There are several types of consolidation loans. They can be unsecured or secured on your property. If you consolidate all your debts in this way you need to be confident that all your unsecured debts are included and that you can afford to make the regular payments during the full term of the consolidation loan. You should also refrain from obtaining any further credit while you are repaying the consolidation loan. Remember that with this option you will be managing your own debt problems and dealing directly with your own creditors. There are various pitfalls in going the consolidation route but if you can answer yes to each of the following questions, then it may be a viable option for you.
- Do I have a regular income?
- Do I have a reasonable level of disposable income i.e. the amount of income left over when I have paid my rent or mortgage, car HP, living expenses (including food, fuel, clothing, transport, energy, phone, council tax, insurances, car tax etc) for both myself and my dependents?
- Do I have a decent credit rating?
- Am I solvent?
Debt Management
Debt management involves making offers of repayments to your creditors based on what you can afford to pay back. Normally you would prepare a Debt Management Plan (DMP) which you present to your creditors and you seek to get their agreement to your proposed plan to repay your debts. You provide details of your income and expenditure and you show how you will distribute your disposable income to your creditors. Usually you will offer to repay each creditor in proportion to the size of the debt you owe to them. For example, if half of your debts are with one creditor, than you would pay half of your disposable income to that creditor and pay the other creditors on a similar proportionate basis. You do not need any professional assistance to establish a DMP but many debtors use the services of companies who specialize in DMP services.
It is important to be aware that there is little legislative control of DMPs and for that reason it can be difficult to get all your creditors to accept your DMP proposal. Some may accept and some may not. Some may accept for a limited period of say six months. Some creditors may refuse to freeze interest and penalties on your debts during the life of the DMP. Finally a DMP does not offer you any formal protection from your creditors.
Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy is a formal insolvency process and is considered to be a remedy of last resort. You can declare yourself bankrupt or one or more of your creditors may bankrupt you. Your local CAB can assist you in obtaining and lodging the necessary papers in court if you decide to bankrupt yourself, a process known as a ‘Debtor’s Petition’. There are some fees and costs which you will have to pay yourself when lodging the papers. Currently these total about £600 (in the UK). If the bankruptcy order is granted by the court, control of your assets passes to an officer of the court, called the Official Receiver who will either deal with your case himself or appoint an Insolvency Practitioner (who for this process has the title of Trustee) to deal with your case. The Official Receiver/Trustee then investigates your financial situation to determine your ability to repay your debts. If this is the first time you have been made bankrupt and if you co-operate fully with the Official Receiver/Trustee, you will be discharged from your bankruptcy within twelve months and any amounts still owing to your creditors have to be written off by law.
Bankruptcy may well be the best solution for you if you have no assets, are not employed in a professional capacity and if you are on a low income. If you have a high income you may prefer debt consolidation, a debt management plan or an IVA instead but if you opt for bankruptcy you may be subject to an Income Payments Order for up to three years, notwithstanding the fact that you will be discharged from bankruptcy within twelve months. Remember though that the purpose of bankruptcy is to protect you from your creditors.
Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA)
An IVA is a formal insolvency process and is an alternative to bankruptcy. In an IVA you agree with your creditors upfront that you will repay a certain amount of your debt over a fixed period of time, usually five years but it could be considerably shorter (as little as six months) if a cash lump sum can be raised. The important point is that at least 75% of your creditors (measured by the amount of your debts to them) must accept your IVA proposal. If you obtain such a level of creditor approval at a meeting of your creditors the decision is binding on all of your creditors, even those who chose to abstain or to vote against your proposal.
To propose an IVA, you the debtor must be insolvent and your debts would normally total at least £15,000. You need to have a regular source of income and have a reasonable amount of disposable income left over after taking into account your normal living expenses and the amount you need keep back to service your secured debts such as your mortgage and car HP. This ‘disposable income’ is the payment you make each month to your IVA and which is used to pay your unsecured creditors and to fund the administration costs of your IVA.
By law, you must utilize the services of an Insolvency Practitioner (frequently referred to as an IP) to assist in the IVA process. The IP’s charges are clearly stated in the proposal and these fees and costs are deducted from the monies you contribute to your IVA. There are no upfront fees to be paid and if your creditors do not approve your IVA proposal, you pay nothing to the IP.
If your IVA is approved, all of your creditors must cease all recovery action against you and must, by law, suspend all interest and charges. The IP assumes all contact with your creditors on your behalf and makes the payments to your creditors out of the monies you pay into your IVA.